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KCSA New Dumps Sheet | Latest KCSA Exam Notes

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Linux Foundation KCSA Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic
Details

Topic 1

Kubernetes Threat Model: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cloud Security Architect and involves identifying and mitigating potential threats to a Kubernetes cluster. It requires understanding common attack vectors like privilege escalation, denial of service, malicious code execution, and network-based attacks, as well as strategies to protect sensitive data and prevent an attacker from gaining persistence within the environment.

Topic 2

Kubernetes Cluster Component Security: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Kubernetes Administrator and focuses on securing the core components that make up a Kubernetes cluster. It encompasses the security configuration and potential vulnerabilities of essential parts such as the API server, etcd, kubelet, container runtime, and networking elements, ensuring each component is hardened against attacks.

Topic 3

Compliance and Security Frameworks: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Compliance Officer and focuses on applying formal structures to ensure security and meet regulatory demands. It covers working with industry-standard compliance and threat modeling frameworks, understanding supply chain security requirements, and utilizing automation tools to maintain and prove an organization's security posture.

Topic 4

Platform Security: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cloud Security Architect and encompasses broader platform-wide security concerns. This includes securing the software supply chain from image development to deployment, implementing observability and service meshes, managing Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), controlling network connectivity, and using admission controllers to enforce security policies.

Topic 5

Overview of Cloud Native Security: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cloud Security Architect and covers the foundational security principles of cloud-native environments. It includes an understanding of the 4Cs security model, the shared responsibility model for cloud infrastructure, common security controls and compliance frameworks, and techniques for isolating resources and securing artifacts like container images and application code.

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Linux Foundation Kubernetes and Cloud Native Security Associate Sample Questions (Q11-Q16):

NEW QUESTION # 11
Which of the following is a valid security risk caused by having no egress controls in a Kubernetes cluster?

A. Data exfiltration
B. Unauthorized access to external resources
C. Increased attack surface
D. Denial of Service

Answer: A

Explanation:
* Egress NetworkPoliciesrestrict outbound traffic from Pods.
* Without egress restrictions, a compromised Pod could exfiltrate sensitive data (secrets, logs, customer data) to an attacker-controlled server.
* Exact extract (Kubernetes Docs - Network Policies):
* "Egress rules control outbound connections from Pods. Without such restrictions, compromised workloads can connect freely to external endpoints."
* Other options clarified:
* A: DoS is more about flooding, not egress absence.
* C: "Increased attack surface" is vague but not the main risk.
* D: True in a sense, but the precise and most common risk isdata exfiltration.
References:
Kubernetes Docs - Network Policies: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/network- policies/

NEW QUESTION # 12
What is the purpose of the Supplier Assessments and Reviews control in the NIST 800-53 Rev. 5 set of controls for Supply Chain Risk Management?

A. To identify potential suppliers for the organization.
B. To evaluate and monitor existing suppliers for adherence to security requirements.
C. To conduct regular audits of suppliers' financial performance.
D. To establish contractual agreements with suppliers.

Answer: B

Explanation:
* In NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5,SR-6: Supplier Assessments and Reviewsrequires evaluating and monitoring suppliers' security and risk practices.
* Exact extract (NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5, SR-6):
* "The organization assesses and monitors suppliers to ensure they are meeting the security requirements specified in contracts and agreements."
* This is aboutongoing monitoringof supplier adherence, not financial audits, not contract creation, and not supplier discovery.
References:
NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5, Control SR-6 (Supplier Assessments and Reviews): https://csrc.nist.gov/publications
/detail/sp/800-53/rev-5/final

NEW QUESTION # 13
A Kubernetes cluster tenant can launch privileged Pods in contravention of therestricted Pod Security Standardmandated for cluster tenants and enforced by the built-inPodSecurity admission controller.
The tenant has full CRUD permissions on the namespace object and the namespaced resources. How did the tenant achieve this?

A. By using higher-level access credentials obtained reading secrets from another namespace.
B. The scope of the tenant role means privilege escalation is impossible.
C. By tampering with the namespace labels.
D. By deleting the PodSecurity admission controller deployment running in their namespace.

Answer: C

Explanation:
* ThePodSecurity admission controllerenforces Pod Security Standards (Baseline, Restricted, Privileged)based on namespace labels.
* If a tenant has full CRUD on the namespace object, they canmodify the namespace labelsto remove or weaken the restriction (e.g., setting pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce=privileged).
* This allows privileged Pods to be admitted despite the security policy.
* Incorrect options:
* (A) is false - namespace-level access allows tampering.
* (C) is invalid - PodSecurity admission is not namespace-deployed, it's a cluster-wide admission controller.
* (D) is unrelated - Secrets from other namespaces wouldn't directly bypass PodSecurity enforcement.
References:
Kubernetes Documentation - Pod Security Admission
CNCF Security Whitepaper - Admission control and namespace-level policy enforcement weaknesses.

NEW QUESTION # 14
What is the main reason an organization would use a Cloud Workload Protection Platform (CWPP) solution?

A. To protect containerized workloads from known vulnerabilities and malware threats.
B. To manage networking between containerized workloads in the Kubernetes cluster.
C. To automate the deployment and management of containerized workloads.
D. To optimize resource utilization and scalability of containerized workloads.

Answer: A

Explanation:
* CWPP (Cloud Workload Protection Platform):As defined by Gartner and adopted across cloud security practices, CWPPs are designed tosecure workloads(VMs, containers, serverless functions) in hybrid and cloud environments.
* They providevulnerability scanning, runtime protection, compliance checks, and malware detection.
* Exact extract (Gartner CWPP definition):"Cloud workload protection platforms protect workloads regardless of location, including physical machines, VMs, containers, and serverless workloads. They provide vulnerability management, system integrity protection, intrusion detection and prevention, and malware protection." References:
Gartner: Cloud Workload Protection Platforms Market Guide (summary): https://www.gartner.com/reviews
/market/cloud-workload-protection-platforms
CNCF Security Whitepaper:https://github.com/cncf/tag-security

NEW QUESTION # 15
Why does the defaultbase64 encodingthat Kubernetes applies to the contents of Secret resources provide inadequate protection?

A. Base64 encoding is vulnerable to brute-force attacks.
B. Base64 encoding is not supported by all Secret Stores.
C. Base64 encoding relies on a shared key which can be easily compromised.
D. Base64 encoding does not encrypt the contents of the Secret, only obfuscates it.

Answer: D

Explanation:
* Kubernetes stores Secret data asbase64-encoded stringsin etcd by default.
* Base64 is not encryption- it is a simple encoding scheme that merelyobfuscatesdata for transport and storage. Anyone with read access to etcd or the Secret manifest can easily decode the value back to plaintext.
* For actual protection, Kubernetes supportsencryption at rest(via encryption providers) and external Secret management (Vault, KMS, etc.).
References:
Kubernetes Documentation - Secrets
CNCF Security Whitepaper - Data protection section: highlights that base64 encoding does not protect data and encryption at rest is recommended.

NEW QUESTION # 16
......

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