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CWAP-404 Exam Brain Dumps, Vce CWAP-404 Format

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CWNP CWAP-404 Exam Topics:

Section
Objectives

Protocol Analysis - 15%

Capture 802.11 frames using the appropriate methods
- Select capture devices

• Laptop protocol analyzers
• APs, controllers, and other management solutions
• Specialty devices (hand-held analyzers and custom-built devices)

- Install monitor mode drivers
- Select capture location(s)
- Capture sufficient data for analysis
- Capture all channels or capture on a single channel as needed
- Capture roaming events

Understand and apply the common capture configuration parameters available in protocol analysis tools
- Save to disk
- Packet slicing
- Event triggers
- Buffer options
- Channels and channel widths
- Capture filters
- Channel scanning and dwell time

Analyze 802.11 frame captures to discover problems and find solutions
- Use appropriate display filters to view relevant frames and packets
- Use colorization to highlight important frames and packets
- Configure and display columns for analysis purposes
- View frame and packet decodes while understanding the information shown and applying it to the analysis process
- Use multiple adapters and channel aggregation to view captures from multiple channels
- Implement protocol analyzer decryption procedures
- View and use a capture’s statistical information for analysis
- Use expert mode for analysis
- View and understand peer maps as they relate to communications analysis

Utilize additional tools that capture 802.11 frames for analysis and troubleshooting
- WLAN scanners and discovery tools
- Protocol capture visualization and analysis tools
- Centralized monitoring, alerting, and forensic tools

Ensure appropriate troubleshooting methods are used with all analysis types
- Define the problem
- Determine the scale of the problem
- Identify probable causes
- Capture and analyze the data
- Observe the problem
- Choose appropriate remediation steps
- Document the problem and resolution

Spectrum Analysis - 10%

Capture RF spectrum data and understand the common views available in spectrum analyzers
- Install, configure, and use spectrum analysis software and hardware
- Capture RF spectrum data using handheld, laptop-based, and infrastructure spectrum capture solutions
- Understand and use spectrum analyzer views

• Real-time FFT
• Waterfall, swept spectrogram, density, and historic views
• Utilization and duty cycle
• Detected devices
• WLAN integration views

Analyze spectrum captures to identify relevant RF information and issues
- RF noise floor in an environment
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for a given signal
- Sources of RF interference and their locations
- RF channel utilization
- Non-Wi-Fi transmitters and their impact on WLAN communications
- Overlapping and non-overlapping adjacent channel interference
- Poor performing or faulty radios

Analyze spectrum captures to identify various device signatures
- Identify various 802.11 PHYs

• DSSS
• OFDM
• OFDMA
• Channel widths
• Primary channel

- Identify non-802.11 devices based on RF behaviors and signatures

• Frequency hopping devices
• IoT devices
• Microwave ovens
• Video devices
• RF Jammers
• Cordless phones

Use centralized spectrum analysis solutions
- AP-based spectrum analysis
- Sensor-based spectrum analysis

PHY Layers and Technologies - 10%

Understand and describe the functions of the PHY layer and the PHY protocol data units (PPDUs)
- DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
- HR/DSSS (High Rate/Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
- OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
- ERP (Extended Rate PHY)
- HT (High Throughput)
- VHT (Very High Throughput)
- HE (High Efficiency)

• HE SU PPDU
• HE MU PPDU
• HE ER SU PPDU
• HE TB PPDU
• HE NULL data packets

Apply the understanding of PHY technologies, including PHY headers, preambles, training fields, frame aggregation, and data rates, to captured data
 

Identify and use PHY information provided within pseudo-headers in protocol analyzers
- Pseudo-Header formats

• Radiotap
• Per Packet Information (PPI)

- Key pseudo-header content

• Guard intervals
• Resource units allocation
• PPDU formats
• Signal strength
• Noise
• Data rate and MCS index
• Length information
• Channel center frequency or received channel
• Channel properties

Recognize the limits of protocol analyzers to capture PHY information including NULL data packets and PHY headers
 

Use appropriate capture devices based on proper understanding of PHY types
- Supported PHYs
- Supported spatial streams

MAC Sublayer and Functions - 25%

Understand frame encapsulation and frame aggregation
- Frame aggregation (A-MSDU and A-MPDU)

Identify and use MAC information in captured data for analysis
- Management, Control, and Data frames
- MAC frame formats and contents

• Frame Control field
• To DS and From DS fields
• Address fields
• Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field

- 802.11 Management frame formats

• Information Elements
• Authentication
• Association and Reassociation
• Beacon
• Prove Request and Probe Response

- Data and QoS Data frame formats
- 802.11 Control frame formats

• Acknowledgement (ACK)
• Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS)
• Block Acknowledgement and related frames
• Trigger frames
• VHT/HE NDP announcements
• Multiuser RTS

Validate BSS configuration through protocol analysis
- Country code
- Minimum basic rate
- Supported rates and coding schemes
- Beacon interval
- WMM settings
- RSN settings
- HT/VHT/HE operations
- Channel width
- Primary channel
- Hidden or non-broadcast SSIDs

Identify and analyze CRC error frames and retransmitted frames
 

WLAN Medium Access - 10%

Understand 802.11 contention algorithms in-depth and know how they impact WLANs
- Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)

• Carrier Sense (CS) and Energy Detect (ED)
• Network Allocation Vector (NAV)
• Contention Windows (CW) and random backoff
• Interframe spacing

- Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA)

• EDCA Function (EDCAF)
• Access Categories and Queues
• Arbitration Interframe Space Number (AIFSN)

- Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM)

• WMM parameters
• WMM-Power Save
• WMM-Admission Control

Analyze QoS configuration and operations
- Verify QoS parameters in capture files
- Ensure QoS is implemented end-to-end

802.11 Frame Exchanges - 30%

Capture, understand, and analyze BSS discovery and joining frame exchanges
- BSS discovery
- 802.11 Authentication and Association
- 802.1X/EAP exchanges
- Pre-Shared Key authentication
- Four-way handshake
- Group key exchange
- Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE)
- Opportunistic Wireless Encryption (OWE)
- WPA2 and WPA3
- Fast secure roaming mechanisms

• Fast BSS Transition (FT) roaming exchanges
• Pre-FT roaming exchanges

- Neighbor discovery (802.11k/v)
- Hotspot 2.0 protocols and operations from the client access perspective

• ANQP
• Initial access

Analyze roaming behavior and resolve problems related to roaming
- Sticky clients
- Excessive roaming
- Channel aggregation for roaming analysis

 

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CWNP Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Sample Questions (Q40-Q45):

NEW QUESTION # 40
Which common feature of a Spectrum Analyzer would be the best to help you locate a non-802.11 interference source?

• A. Max hold
• B. Device finder
• C. Location filter
• D. Min hold

Answer: B

Explanation:
Explanation
The device finder is a common feature of a spectrum analyzer that helps locate a non-802.11 interference source. The device finder uses a directional antenna to measure the signal strength of a specific frequency or signal source. By pointing the antenna in different directions, the device finder can indicate the direction and distance of the interference source. The device finder can also filter out other signals that are not related to the interference source. The other options are not correct, as they do not help locate a non-802.11 interference source. Max hold and min hold are features that show the maximum and minimum RF power levels over time,respectively. Location filter is a feature that filters out signals that are not from a specific location or area. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 3: Spectrum Analysis, page 77-78

 

NEW QUESTION # 41
Which piece of information is not transmitted in an HT PPDU header?

• A. MCS index
• B. Number of Spatial Streams
• C. Channel number
• D. PPDU length

Answer: C

Explanation:
Explanation
The channel number is not transmitted in an HT PPDU header. An HT PPDU header is a part of the PPDU that contains information such as modulation, coding, data rate, and number of spatial streams for an 802.11n transmission. The channel number is not included in the HT PPDU header, as it is determined by the frequency band and channel width that are used by the transmitter and receiver. The channel number can be inferred from the frequency band and channel width, which are indicated by bits in different fields of the HT PPDU header, such as HT-SIG and HT-LTF. The other options are not correct, as they are transmitted in an HT PPDU header. The number of spatial streams, PPDU length, and MCS index are indicated by bits in the HT-SIG field of the HT PPDU header. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 108-109

 

NEW QUESTION # 42
Which piece of information Is not transmitted in an HT PDDU header?

• A. MCS index
• B. Number of Spatial Streams
• C. Channel number
• D. PPDU length

Answer: C

Explanation:
The channel number is not transmitted in an HT PPDU header. An HT PPDU header is a part of the PPDU that contains information such as modulation, coding, data rate, and number of spatial streams for an 802.11n transmission. The channel number is not included in the HT PPDU header, as it is determined by the frequency band and channel width that are used by the transmitter and receiver. The channel number can be inferred from the frequency band and channel width, which are indicated by bits in different fields of the HT PPDU header, such as HT- SIG and HT-LTF. The other options are not correct, as they are transmitted in an HT PPDU header. The number of spatial streams, PPDU length, and MCS index are indicated by bits in the HT-SIG field of the HT PPDU header.

 

NEW QUESTION # 43
Which one of the statements regarding the Frame Control field in an 802.11 MAC header is true?

• A. The Frame Control field is used to communicate the duration value
• B. The Frame Control field is always set to 0
• C. Only Control frames have a Frame Control field
• D. The Frame Control field contains subfields, and soma in 1-bit flags

Answer: D

Explanation:
Explanation
The statement that the Frame Control field contains subfields, and some 1-bit flags is true. The Frame Control field is a 2-byte field in the MAC header that contains information about the type, subtype, and characteristics of a frame. The Frame Control field is divided into several subfields, each with a specific function and length.
Some of these subfields are 1-bit flags, which can be set to 0 or 1 to indicate a certain condition or status. For example, the To DS and From DS subfields are 1-bit flags that indicate whether a frame is destined for or originated from the DS (Distribution System). The other statements are not true, as they do not describe the Frame Control field correctly. All types of frames (management, control, and data) have a Frame Control field, not just control frames. The Frame Control field is not used to communicate the duration value, which is a separate field in the MAC header. The Frame Control field is not always set to 0, as it varies depending on the type, subtype, and characteristics of each frame. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 113-114

 

NEW QUESTION # 44
You are tasked with describing the various frames used in 802.11 communications.
What frame is used for spectrum management, fast BSS transition and some other actions taken within a BSA?

• A. Action
• B. CTS
• C. BlockAck
• D. PS Poll

Answer: A

 

NEW QUESTION # 45
......

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