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Die CIPS L4M3 -Zertifizierungsprüfung deckt eine breite Palette von Themen im Zusammenhang mit gewerblichen Vertragsabschlüssen ab, einschließlich der Grundsätze des Vertragsrechtes, der Vertragsarten, der Vertragsbildung und der Verwaltung, der Streitbeilegung und der Vertragsbeendigung. Die Prüfung wurde entwickelt, um das Verständnis der Kandidaten für diese Themen und ihre Fähigkeit zu testen, dieses Wissen in realen Szenarien anzuwenden. Die Prüfung ist in zwei Teile unterteilt: Der erste Teil ist eine Multiple-Choice-Prüfung, während der zweite Teil eine Fallstudienuntersuchung ist.

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Die CIPS L4M3 (CIPS Commercial Contracting) -Zertifizierungsprüfung ist eine professionelle Zertifizierungsprüfung, mit der das Wissen und die Fähigkeiten von Personen, die an kommerziellen Vertragsabkommen beteiligt sind, testen sollen. Diese Prüfung wird vom Chartered Institute of Procurement and Supply (CIPS) angeboten, einer globalen Organisation, die den Standard für herausragende Leistungen in der Beschaffung und des Lieferkettenmanagements festlegt.

CIPS Commercial Contracting L4M3 Prüfungsfragen mit Lösungen (Q159-Q164):

159. Frage
To check whether supplier actually complies with the labour standards set out in the contract, the purchaser should have...?

• A. Right to terminate the contract
• B. Right of audit
• C. Right to rescind the contract
• D. Right to penalise the supplier

Antwort: B

Begründung:
Many firms have compliance policies for suppliers in place. To ensure that the supplier actually comply with the standards set out, the purchaser can employ the right to audit. The buyer usually obtains the right to examine records of a vendor to determine if a fraud or a violation of company policy has occurred through the following methods:
- Right-to-audit agreement The agreement can be printed on the back of a purchase order, contract, or other procurement form.
- A simple request If the right-to-audit agreement wasn't included on the procurement form, and the buyer suspects irregularities, he may have to beg the vendor to allow an audit to be performed. If the buyer is a major customer of the vendor, the buyer may be able to wield a big enough stick to obtain permission to look at the records.
- Right-to-audit Pitfalls
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 160
- Reserving the Right to Audit the Suspicious Vendor: Right-to-audit clauses in vendor contracts help control fraud and abuse by affording discovery devices in examinations.
LO 3, AC 3.2

 

160. Frage
When should liquidated damages clauses be written into a contract?

• A. When the court approves the damages amount before the contract is executed.
• B. When the breaching party wants to exclude all its liabilities
• C. When the innocent party wants to punish the breaching party.
• D. When the loss to the innocent party will be either too uncertain or too difficult to calculate.

Antwort: D

Begründung:
Liquidated damages are presented in certain legal contracts as an estimate of otherwise intangible or hard-to-define losses to one of the parties. It is a provision that allows for the payment of a specified sum should one of the parties be in breach of contract.
Liquidated damages are meant as a fair representation of losses in situations where actual damages are difficult to ascertain. In general, liquidated damages are meant to be fair, rather than punitive.
Limitations of Liquidated Damages
It is possible that a liquidated damages clause might not be enforced by the courts. This can occur if the monetary amount of liquidated damages cited in the clause is extraordinarily disproportional to the scope of what was affected by the breached contract.
Such limitations prevent a plaintiff from attempting to claim an unsubstantiated exorbitant amount from a defendant. For instance, a plaintiff might not be able to claim liquidated damages that amount to multiples of its gross revenue if the breach only affected a specific portion of its operations. The concept of liquidated damages is framed around compensation related to some harm and injury to the party rather than a fine imposed on the defendant.
The courts typically require that the parties involved make the most reasonable assessment possible for the liquidated damages clause at the time the contract is signed. This can provide a sense of understanding and reassurance of what is at stake if that aspect of the contract is breached. A liquidated damages clause can also give the parties involved a basis to negotiate from for an out-of-court settlement.
Reference:
- Liquidated Damages
- CIPS study guide page 158-159
LO 3, AC 3.2

 

161. Frage
In a contract, express terms and implied terms may contradict on the same issues. Under which of the following circumstances, implied terms will override express terms?

• A. Contracting parties are silent on a matter that was not included in express terms
• B. Implied terms are created by law which prevents them to be overridden
• C. No circumstances. Express terms always take precedence over implied terms
• D. Implied terms are created by trade customs

Antwort: B

Begründung:
Express terms are the terms of the agreement which are expressly agreed between the parties. Ideally, they will be written down in a contract between the parties but where the contract is agreed verbally, they will be the terms discussed and agreed between the parties.
Implied terms are terms implied into the contract by the courts. They are not expressly set out in the contract but are taken to be as effective as if they were and as if they had been included from dayone of the contract.
The express terms and any implied terms together create the legally binding obligations on the parties.
Express terms are explicit and will normally override implied terms unless the implied term is created by statute and the law states that it cannot be overridden.
Reference:
- Contracts: Express and Implied Terms
- CIPS study guide page 126-132
LO 3, AC 3.1

 

162. Frage
Consequences and actions that arise from certain KPI scores must be...? Select TWO that apply.

• A. Deliberately omitted
• B. Unilaterally imposed by the purchaser
• C. Terminated
• D. Mutually agreed
• E. Documented

Antwort: D,E

Begründung:
Supplier performance management and monitoring is a fundamental part of contract management. It starts with setting KPIs, targets and consequences or actions that arise from KPI scores. The measures, objectives and targets used in the monitoring of the supplier's performance must reflect those that were agreed when the contract was let. That is why it is important to specify a commitment to continuous improvement at the outset.
It would be unfair to the supplier to suddenly introduce a range of measures after the contract had begun - however if such an introduction mid-term through the contract is unavoidable then it should be negotiated and agreed in a professional manner and not merely imposed on the supplier.
In conclusion, the details of how KPIs will be monitored and the actions or consequences resulting from scores achieved must be documented and agreed between the parties. This details may be embedded in the specification or the main body of the contract or it may be set out in a SLA.
Reference:
- Performance Monitoring of Suppliers - CIPS Knowledge summary
- CIPS study guide page 101-109
LO 2, AC 2.2

 

163. Frage
Which of the following is the most suitable model contract for car lift manufacturing?

• A. ITC
• B. IMechE/IET
• C. FIDIC
• D. CIPS

Antwort: B

Begründung:
IMechE/IET: Institution of Mechanical Engineers/Institution of Engineering and Technology - two separate institutes that issue jointly agreed model forms covering the design, supply and installation of electrical, electronic and mechanical plant including special conditions for the ancillary development of software. Car lifts are mechanical products, so IMechE/IET is the most suitable model contract for this type of product.
FIDIC is a French language acronym for Federation Internationale Des Ingenieurs-Conseils, which means the international federation of consulting engineers. It was started in 1913 by the trio of France, Belgium and Switzerland. The United Kingdom joined the Federation in 1949. FIDIC is headquartered in Switzerland and now boasts of membership from over 60 different countries. FIDIC published its first contract, titled The Form of contract for works of Civil Engineering construction, in 1957. As the title indicated, this first contract was aimed at the Civil Engineering sector and it soon became known for the colour of its cover, and thus, The Red Book. It has become the tradition that FIDIC contracts are known in popular parlance by the colour of their cover. This first contract by FIDIC was undertaken jointly with the International federation of Building and Public works. FIDIC's concerted effort at achieving broad consultation and acceptance of its contract forms has seen subsequent editions of its contracts being ratified by the International Federation of Asian and Western Pacific Contractors Association, Associated General Contractors of America and the Inter-American Federation of the Construction Industry, Multilateral Development Banks among others. Because of the broad support it enjoys, FIDIC contracts are the foremost contracts in international construction.
The Chartered Institute of Procurement and Supply (CIPS) has some model contracts for IT functions including: supply and installation of computer equipment, support and maintenance of bespoke software, servicing of computer equipment,...
The International Trade Centre (ITC) produces contracts specifically designed for small companies doing international business, covering the sale of goods, distribution, services and joint ventures.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.1

 

164. Frage
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