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Linux Foundation Kubernetes and Cloud Native Security Associate Sample Questions (Q45-Q50):

NEW QUESTION # 45
Why does the defaultbase64 encodingthat Kubernetes applies to the contents of Secret resources provide inadequate protection?

A. Base64 encoding is not supported by all Secret Stores.
B. Base64 encoding does not encrypt the contents of the Secret, only obfuscates it.
C. Base64 encoding is vulnerable to brute-force attacks.
D. Base64 encoding relies on a shared key which can be easily compromised.

Answer: B

Explanation:
* Kubernetes stores Secret data asbase64-encoded stringsin etcd by default.
* Base64 is not encryption- it is a simple encoding scheme that merelyobfuscatesdata for transport and storage. Anyone with read access to etcd or the Secret manifest can easily decode the value back to plaintext.
* For actual protection, Kubernetes supportsencryption at rest(via encryption providers) and external Secret management (Vault, KMS, etc.).
References:
Kubernetes Documentation - Secrets
CNCF Security Whitepaper - Data protection section: highlights that base64 encoding does not protect data and encryption at rest is recommended.

NEW QUESTION # 46
In a Kubernetes environment, what kind of Admission Controller can modify resource manifests when applied to the Kubernetes API to fix misconfigurations automatically?

A. MutatingAdmissionController
B. ValidatingAdmissionController
C. PodSecurityPolicy
D. ResourceQuota

Answer: A

Explanation:
* Kubernetes Admission Controllers can eithervalidateormutateincoming requests.
* MutatingAdmissionWebhook (Mutating Admission Controller):
* Canmodify or mutate resource manifestsbefore they are persisted in etcd.
* Used for automatic injection of sidecars (e.g., Istio Envoy proxy), setting default values, or fixing misconfigurations.
* ValidatingAdmissionWebhook (Validating Admission Controller):only allows/denies but doesnot change requests.
* PodSecurityPolicy:deprecated; cannot mutate requests.
* ResourceQuota:enforces resource usage, but does not mutate manifests.
Exact Extract:
* "Mutating admission webhooks are invoked first, and can modify objects to enforce defaults.
Validating admission webhooks are invoked second, and can reject requests to enforce invariants.
"
References:
Kubernetes Docs - Admission Controllers: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz
/admission-controllers/
Kubernetes Docs - Admission Webhooks: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz
/extensible-admission-controllers/

NEW QUESTION # 47
How do Kubernetes namespaces impact the application of policies when using Pod Security Admission?

A. Namespaces are ignored; Pod Security Admission policies apply cluster-wide only.
B. The default namespace enforces the strictest security policies by default.
C. Different policies can be applied to specific namespaces.
D. Each namespace can have only one active policy.

Answer: C

Explanation:
* Pod Security Admission (PSA)enforces policies by applyinglabels on namespaces, not globally across the cluster.
* Exact extract (Kubernetes Docs - Pod Security Admission):
* "You can apply Pod Security Standards to namespaces by adding labels such as pod- security.kubernetes.io/enforce. Different namespaces can enforce different policies."
* Clarifications:
* A: Incorrect, namespaces are the unit of enforcement.
* C: Misleading - a namespace can have multiple enforcement modes (enforce, audit, warn).
* D: Default namespace doesnotenforce strict policies unless labeled.
References:
Kubernetes Docs - Pod Security Admission: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/pod-security- admission/

NEW QUESTION # 48
What is Grafana?

A. A cloud-native distributed tracing system for monitoring microservices architectures.
B. A cloud-native security tool for scanning and detecting vulnerabilities in Kubernetes clusters.
C. A platform for monitoring and visualizing time-series data.
D. A container orchestration platform for managing and scaling applications.

Answer: C

Explanation:
* Grafana:An open-source analytics and visualization platform widely used with Prometheus, Loki, etc.
* Exact extract (Grafana Docs):"Grafana is the open-source analytics and monitoring solution for every database. It allows you to query, visualize, alert on, and understand your metrics no matter where they are stored."
* A is wrong:That describesJaeger(distributed tracing).
* B is wrong:That'sKubernetesitself.
* D is wrong:That'sTrivy/Aqua/Prismatype tools.
References:
Grafana Docs: https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/

NEW QUESTION # 49
In a Kubernetes cluster, what are the security risks associated with using ConfigMaps for storing secrets?

A. Using ConfigMaps for storing secrets might make applications incompatible with the Kubernetes cluster.
B. ConfigMaps store sensitive information in etcd encoded in base64 format automatically, which does not ensure confidentiality of data.
C. Storing secrets in ConfigMaps can expose sensitive information as they are stored in plaintext and can be accessed by unauthorized users.
D. Storing secrets in ConfigMaps does not allow for fine-grained access control via RBAC.

Answer: C

Explanation:
* ConfigMaps are explicitly not for confidential data.
* Exact extract (ConfigMap concept):"A ConfigMap is an API object used to store non- confidential data in key-value pairs."
* Exact extract (ConfigMap concept):"ConfigMaps are not intended to hold confidential data. Use a Secret for confidential data."
* Why this is risky:data placed into a ConfigMap is stored as regular (plaintext) string values in the API and etcd (unless you deliberately use binaryData for base64 content you supply). That means if someone has read access to the namespace or to etcd/APIServer storage, they can view the values.
* Secrets vs ConfigMaps (to clarify distractor D):
* Exact extract (Secret concept):"By default, secret data is stored as unencrypted base64- encoded strings.You canenable encryption at restto protect Secrets stored in etcd."
* This base64 behavior applies toSecrets, not to ConfigMap data. Thus optionDis incorrect for ConfigMaps.
* About RBAC (to clarify distractor A):Kubernetesdoessupport fine-grained RBAC forboth ConfigMaps and Secrets; the issue isn't lack of RBAC but that ConfigMaps arenotdesigned for confidential material.
* About compatibility (to clarify distractor C):Using ConfigMaps for secrets doesn't make apps
"incompatible"; it's simplyinsecureand against guidance.
References:
Kubernetes Docs -ConfigMaps: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/configmap/ Kubernetes Docs -Secrets: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/ Kubernetes Docs -Encrypting Secret Data at Rest: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster
/encrypt-data/
Note: The citations above are from the official Kubernetes documentation and reflect the stated guidance that ConfigMaps are fornon-confidentialdata, while Secrets (with encryption at rest enabled) are forconfidential data, and that the 4C's map todefense in depth.

NEW QUESTION # 50
......

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